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Mechanical modification of softwood pulp fibers using a novel lightweight vertical bar plate, TAPPI Journal April 2021

ABSTRACT: Refiner plates made using sand casting have a draft angle, which results in a trapezoidal bar shape. These trapezoidal bar plates have a limited throughput compared to the vertical bar plates, and eventually the edges of the bars become dull, resulting in longer time to reach the target freeness and shorter service life. The new light-weight refiner plate with a bar insertion method into a plate base was developed by selecting an aluminium-based alloy as the plate base material and a stainless steel alloy with high wear resistance as the bar material. The light-weight plate with sharp bar edges was very effective in reducing refining energy by reaching the target freeness faster than the sand-cast bar plate. Finally, the lightweight sharp bar plate, which weighed only about half the weight of the cast bar plate, was expected to significantly contribute to easy replacement, improved paper quality, and larger throughput without excessive loss of fiber length.

Setting priorities in CNF particle size measurement: What is needed vs. what is feasible, TAPPI Journal February 2023

Energy saving potential of interstage screen fractionation for production of board grade BCTMP, TAPPI Journal August 2023

Over the last few decades, the continuing decline in mechanical pulp-based grades has led pulp producers to modify operations and implement measures to reduce production costs in order to stay competitive. In spite of a considerable effort to reduce energy consumption, the latter is still a major portion of production costs in the process of making bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP). In this study, we evaluated the impact of interstage screening fractionation (ISSF) and secondary refining strategy for producing BCTMP with the objective of reducing refining energy consumption while maintaining or improving bulk and strength properties. In the first step and to establish a baseline for a mill’s existing configuration, the collected primary refined pulp and reject streams from the ISSF were refined in a high consistency (HC) refiner to target freeness levels. The accepts and refined rejects streams were recombined, and their properties were compared to those of the refined primary pulp. The results showed that, at a given freeness of 400 mL and compared to the control case (without fractionation), the ISSF using an 0.070 in. basket followed by rejects refining could lead to about 25% energy saving in the second stage HC refining. Handsheet properties showed that utilization of ISSF could produce BCTMP with higher bulk and similar average fiber length and tear index. However, a slight reduction in tensile strength was observed. In the second set of trials, the primary refined pulp and the rejects from the ISSF using the 0.070 in. basket were refined by a low-consistency (LC) refiner. The results showed that, at the same freeness of 400 mL and compared to refined primary pulp, the ISSF saved about 26% in net LC refining energy. At a specific edge load (SEL) of 0.4 J/m, the produced pulp had similar bulk and strength properties compared to those of the control sample. A higher SEL of 0.6 J/m in LC refining could further decrease net refining energy consumption; however, it also led to reduction in fiber length, bulk, and strength properties.

SCC susceptibility of chromized type 409 stainless steel in alkaline chloride solutions at ambient temperature and pressure, TAPPI Journal August 2023

ABSTRACT: Biomass hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is operated in a harsh reaction medium that contains hot pressurized water, inorganic acidic or basic catalyst, and inorganic/organic corrosive components released during the conversion. Candidate alloys for this application require suitable resistance to both corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) to withstand the HTL process conditions (250°C•374°C and 4•22 MPa). Ferritic iron-chromium (Fe-Cr) steels are more prone to corrosion but less susceptible to SCC compared to austenitic iron-chromium-nickel (Fe-Cr-Ni) steels. Chromizing can significantly reduce corrosion of Type 409 stainless steel (Fe-11Cr) in a simulated aqueous HTL solution. The objective of this study is to determine the SCC susceptibility of chromized Type 409 stainless steel, relative to the bare (non-chromized) case. The slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique was used for this purpose. For simplicity of experimentation, SSRT was conducted using simulated HTL water containing 800 ppm potassium chloride (KCl), 1 M potassium carbonate (K2CO3), and 10 wt% acetic acid at ambient temperature and pressure. Complementary potentiodynamic polarization measurements and surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy (XPS) were also made to help interpret the SSRT results. The SSRT results show no significant difference in SCC susceptibility, regardless of the starting surface. Thus, chromizing, while significantly reducing the corrosion of Type 409 stainless steel, does not adversely affect SCC susceptibility, at least under the conditions tested.

Effects of metal surface morphology on deposition behavior of microstickies from papermaking white water, TAPPI Journal July 2023

ABSTRACT: Deposition of small adhesive particles, called microstickies, onto pulp processing equipment and paper machines causes quality and operational problems for recycling mills. The factors that control deposition of microstickies onto surfaces of metal parts remain unclear. In this work, aluminum surfaces with a range of surface roughness were exposed to slurries containing microstickies. The deposition results showed that flat surfaces promote the aggregation and deposition of microstickies particles. Uneven surfaces tended to favor deposition of smaller microstickies, 0.2•1 µm, which may be related to greater contact area presented by the rougher surface. This work provides insights into the deposition of microstickies.

Dissolution of wood components during hot water extraction of spruce, TAPPI Journal May 2023

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the autohydrolysis of softwood, which is the main chemical operation in both hot water extraction and steam explosion. Control of the process and monitoring its course were ensured by the careful choice of experimental setup and conditions: a milled spruce material was extracted in a small flow-through reactor to minimize degradation of the dissolved material and to enable analysis of the resulting liquors extracted at selected time points. The obtained liquid and solid fractions were analyzed for sugar composition and acetic acid concentration. The results showed that partially degraded hemicelluloses were extracted; hemicelluloses side chains were cleaved off and detected as monomers, while deacetylation was limited. Chain scissions of cellulose were observed as a result of autohydrolysis.

Utilization of palm fiber as papermaking materials: Microscopic structure and chemical pulping, TAPPI Journal October 2022

ABSTRACT: The microscopic structure and pulping properties of palm fiber were explored. Soda cooking and sulfate cooking were conducted and compared in terms of physical strength of the obtained pulps. Sulfate pulp showed better performance than soda pulp, as indicated by the 23% higher tensile index, 49% higher tear index, and 36% higher burst index. To further elevate physical strength, long fibered pulp (LFP), namely commercial softwood sulfate pulp, was mixed with sulfate pulp of palm fiber at levels from 20% to 50%. At the blend level of 50%, tensile index of 52.13 Nœm/g, tear index of 15.63 mNœm2/g, and burst index of 3.42 kPaœm2/g were attained. The lignin in spent liquor from pulping was isolated and characterized. Soda lignin of palm fiber was mainly composed of guaiacyl and syringyl units, and showed weight-average molecular weight of 3616 g/mol.

Effects of rings on flow and temperature in lime kilns, TAPPI Journal June 2022

ABSTRACT: A steady state, two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric model has been developed to help understand how rings form and grow in a typical lime kiln. Rings of varying length, thickness, and geometry at the front and back faces were modeled to study the effects on flue gas flow and temperature. The results show that ring growth causes the gas velocity to increase and insulates the adjacent refractory, resulting in a lower kiln shell temperature. The results also reveal the formation of recirculation zones immediately down-stream of the rings, as well as temperature deviations upstream and downstream of the rings that might promote recarbonation and further ring growth. The model was applied to a kiln from a kraft mill with front-end and mid-kiln rings and good agreement was obtained between the measured and predicted kiln shell temperatures, providing confidence in the modeling.

A model black liquor formulation for use in development and evaluation of membranes for concentrating  weak black liquor, TAPPI Journal February 2022

ABSTRACT: As part of a larger program to develop robust membranes for concentrating weak black liquor prior to the evaporation step, several commercially available membranes were tested for suitability in this application. Given the variation in kraft black liquor for various wood species, the mill-to-mill variations, and the challenges of obtaining fresh samples, the need became apparent for a synthetic reference black liquor that would allow any membrane developer to test a new prototype membrane and compare the results with others. We present a formulation for a model black liquor (MBL) similar to real kraft black liquor in the composition of the major species that can be formulated from readily available reagents. The MBL was tested with two commercial membranes and resulted in similar levels of lignin retention as the real black liquor. It also showed similar viscosity behavior to real black liquor as a function of solids content.

Editorial: TAPPI Standards development: Authors and reviewers are welcome, TAPPI Journal July 2021

ABSTRACT: Readers of TAPPI Journal (TJ) and those involved with R&D and process and product quality will be familiar with TAPPI Standard Test Methods. These test methods are necessary for validating research and ensuring the quality of end products. In addition to test methods, TAPPI also publishes information that isn’t directly related to test methods, such as technical information and definitions, which include specifications, guidelines, and glossaries. All Standards information is developed with the consensus of a technical working group that adheres to set procedures.